Which of the following groups is typically not covered by Social Security?

The correct answer highlights a unique aspect of Social Security coverage related specifically to federal employees. While many federal employees are covered by Social Security, those who choose certain other pension plans, such as the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS), may not be contributing to Social Security. Instead, they may opt for retirement benefits through these alternative programs, meaning they can forgo the federal Social Security insurance.

In contrast, private sector employees and self-employed individuals typically contribute to Social Security through payroll taxes and are thus covered by the program, which provides them with retirement, disability, and survivor benefits. Individuals under 18 can also be covered by Social Security under certain conditions, primarily if they are working and contributing to the system.

Understanding the nuances of how various employment categories interact with the Social Security system is key in comprehending which groups may not universally be covered, particularly in the case of federal employees opting out for different pension arrangements.